Slavery During The Arab Slave Trade - 1586 Words

Slavery in the Americas was the action of human imprisonment, where all rights and freedoms were taken, that lasted over a thousand year. It was brutal and affected many people. The Arab slave trade was a major part of the imprisonment also and the beginning of slavery which started in 700 AD (1). The Arab Slave Trade was the practice of capturing and selling slaves in the â€Å"Arab World†. Since the Arabs controlled the sea routes it was easy for them to transport and trade. The Arab traders captured Africans known as â€Å"Bantu†. Then these Africans were sold throughout the Middle East. After the Arab Slave trade, the European slave trade was formed. The European Slave trade was the process of Africans being taken/traded in Africa, piled in ships and shipped to America. According to some historians, â€Å"Islam prohibited freeborn Muslims from being enslaved, so it was not in the interest for Arab slavers to convert enslaved Africans to the religion. Since converting enslaved Africans to Muslim would grant them more rights and reduce the potential reservoir of people to enslave, propagators of Islam often revealed a cautious attitude toward proselytizing Africans. Still, if an African converted to Islam he was not guaranteed freedom nor did it confer freedom to their children. Only children of slaves or non-Muslim prisoners of war could become slaves, never a freeborn Muslim. African American ancestors were put on plantations for them to be raised and for them to die there and theyShow MoreRelatedSlave Trade in the Arab World873 Words   |  3 PagesSlavery is a forbidden act of performance according to the Holy Quran; however, it was widely spread and highly practiced in the Arab world. Slaves from many countries, especially from East Africa were traded in to perform tasks for the Sultanates. These slaves ended up as sailors in Persia or as soldiers serving in the army (BBC, n.d). One of the places slavery was common was in the Trucial states before they were under the British. The Trucial states were a collection of several sheikhdoms alongRead MoreA Child Is Defined As A Young Human Being Below The Age Of Majority Essay907 Words   |   4 Pages parents would send their children to work at various jobs. Some children were forced to work because they were slaves. A slave is defined as a person who is the legal property of another and is forced to obey them. In the United States, enslaved children experienced higher mortality rates due to insufficient health care when compared to other slave trades such as the Arab Slave trade. In the united states, enslaved children experienced were not taken care of or had the necessary health care thatRead MoreHistory Of The United States Before The Civil War1600 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 6, 2015 HIST 2303:03 An Unfree Exchange: 1600-1800 The history of the United States before the Civil War is not only a history of democracy, freedom, and constitutional rule, but also one of slavery. By the time colonial America started buying and selling captured Africans, black slavery had become an institution in the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in South America and the Caribbean islands. The discovery of raw sugar and rum in the Caribbean created a lucrative opportunity for the SpanishRead MoreReshaping Slavery to Make it Legal for Muslims Essay1235 Words   |  5 Pageswithin the Southern Iranian and Persian Gulf Region during the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries resulting in fresh demands for imported labour to work in the Gulf pots, in the coastal villages and in local militia. The East African slave trade provided the temporary labour until the First World War.†2 It is remarkable the combination of several forms of slavery and coerced labor in the labor market.3 The economic change and the rising demand of slav es from East Africa had several impacts in the supplyRead MoreWhen I Was A Child, My Family And I Used To Spend Time1130 Words   |  5 PagesWhen I was a child, my family and I used to spend time in the village. During our stay there, we will practice rituals for gods, we will attain cultural dance, we will dress differently, we will hear story about the foundation of the village from my grandparents, and we will communicate using our dialect. However, when we were in the city, we were going to school to learn about western countries, we were attending Christian church, our clothes were similar to clothes from western countries, and weRead MoreSlavery in Sudan868 Words   |  4 PagesSlavery predates writing and can be found in almost all cultures and continents. Historically, slavery was the form that most conquistadors used to dominate people years ago. The conquistadors sold and kidnapped humans to do the physical work for them. In Africa where the human tread persist in this days, Sudan has been facing the slavery problem since twenty century. Most slaves were initially captured in wars or kidnapped in isolated raids, but some were sold into slavery trade by their parentsRead MoreWhy Did Slave Trading Intensify in Nineteenth-Century East Africa?1103 Words   |  5 PagesDuring the 19th century the East Africa was marked by the sadness event of slave trading in response to larger demanding markets. For a long time the exportation of slaves was made through the Red Sea and Indian Ocean to supply the Muslin world. However there was a greatly expansion of slave trades to the Atlantic ocean during 19th century. The slave trading increase during the 19th century due to the fact that the exportation of slaves was a profitable business, more than five times the export ofRead MoreSlavery Essay1945 Words   |  8 Pageshorror, loathing and indignation on examining the record of African slavery. How was it possible? How could it have gone on for so long, and on such a scale? A tragedy of such dimensions has no parallel in any other part of the world. The African continent was bled of its human resources via all possible routes. Across the Sahara, through the Red Sea, from the Indian Ocean ports and across the Atlantic. At least ten centuries of slavery for the benefit of the Muslim countries (from the ninth to the nineteenth)Read MoreImperialism And Colonialism In Joseph Conrads Heart Of Darkness1266 Words   |  6 Pagesor slightly flatter noses than ourselves, is not a pretty thing when you look into it too much†(Hochschild, 1998, p. 164). Marlow, a fictional character in Heart of Darkness, is discussing colonialism, a policy that dramatically altered the world during the nineteenth century. While, those who plunder other nations are said to have done so in the name of progress, civilization, and Christianity, there is a certain hypocritical attitude that leads to accounts such as Marlow’s. For while these civilizingRead MoreThe Effects Of European Racism On The Way African History Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pa gesbecause Africans being sent out of Africa to become slaves in foreign lands. Since the Europeans removed tens of thousands of young men and women from Africa each year it weakened its population, making the work force in Africa much smaller, and the Europeans and new world plantation owners’ pockets much bigger. European racism is connected to the transatlantic slave trade because for hundreds of years the â€Å"Europeans viewed Africans exclusively as slaves, as though it was their natural state† (Shillington

Productions and Operations Management - 737 Words

Productions and Operations Management I The three categories of statistical quality control The three categories of SQC include the traditional statistical tools, acceptance sampling, and statistical process control (SPC). Traditional statistical tools are descriptive statistics like the mean and range, used to describe qualitative characteristics. Acceptance sampling is a process of taking a random sample or portion of a batch and deciding whether to accept or reject the whole batch. SPC is a process that uses samples to determine whether a process is functioning normally or not (Ryan, 2011). Traditional statistical tools describe the quality characteristics although they do not elucidate the extent of the quality (whether good or bad). Acceptance sampling determines whether an entire batch produced should be accepted or rejected after the goods have been produced. However, SPC tracks the process to ensure it is functioning properly for a given period. These tools can be used together effectively. Traditional statistical tools are used as inputs into SPC, which is updated frequently enough to ensure that quality problems are identified in good time. Finally, after a batch has been produced, acceptance sampling is used to determine whether the batch is of good quality or not. The statistical process control Statistical process control is a technique of controlling, monitoring, and improving processes via statistical analysis. The philosophy behind this tool holds thatShow MoreRelatedProduction And Operations Management : Production Management Essay941 Words   |  4 Pagesused in the production/operations subsystem of the organization into value added product/services in a controlled manner as per the policies of the organization, is the definition of Production/operations management. Consequently, it is that part of an organization, this part is involved in the transformation of a range of inputs, like men, material, machines, information and capital, into the required (products/services), with the requisite quality level. The group of correlated management activitiesRead MoreProduction Of Production And Operation Management1415 Words   |  6 PagesPRODUCTION OPERATION MANAGEMENT The focus of any business is to provide needs of customer by providing military and supplies, and in this procedure generate value for customers and solve their trouble. Production and operations management talks about applying big business association and management concepts in formation of supplies and military (1). PRODUCT: A product is defined as the thing offered for deal. A product can be a facility or an item. It can be material or in virtual form. Every productRead Moreproduction and operation management1377 Words   |  6 PagesPaper of Production and Operations Management IIBM Institute of Business Management Examination Paper Production and Operations Management Subject Code-B107 ï‚ · ï‚ · ï‚ · MM.100 Section A: Objective Type Short Questions (30 marks) This section consists of multiple choice Short Notes type questions. Answer all the questions. Part one questions carry 1 mark each Part two questions carry 5 marks each. Part One: Multiple choices: 1. Production and Operations Management concernsRead MoreProduction and Operation Management864 Words   |  4 PagesProduction and Operation Management Cheng Guoping Chapter 1 Introduction 1. Production System 2. Production and operations in the organization 3. Function and jobs of POM 4. Decision Making in POM 5. The emergence of production and operation management 1. Production System Production and operation management (POM) is the management of an organization s production system, which converts input into the organization s products and services. 1.1 Production system model Inputs Read MoreProduction and Operations Management1511 Words   |  7 PagesBBA – 305 PRODUCTION OPERATION MANAGEMENT Model Questions based on Previous years Question Papers UNIT – I Qs. 1 : Explain the importance of Production Operation Management in current scenario. Why it has become an integral part of Business Education ? State with examples. [BBA-IP: Dec. 2011] Qs. 2 : Operation Management is becoming a very important subject in Business Education in the last fewRead MoreOperation and Production Management3104 Words   |  13 Pagesin process create value for customers and solve their problems. Production and operations management talks about applying business organization and management concepts in creation of goods and services. 1.1. PRODUCT Though many authors define the product with Consumer orientation, it is better for us to deal with different angles, because it will be helpful for us to understand the subject of production and Operation Management. (i) For a Consumer: The product is a combination of or optimalRead MoreOperations Management : Production Management1657 Words   |  7 Pages Operations management is the art of knowledge that ensures that services and goods are produced and distributed successfully to customers. Operations management key objective is maximize efficiency while producing and effectively fulfilling customer needs. In this novel the operations management team is struggling to make this plant a profitable plant so it will not be shut down. Alex is wondering why is that he cannot produce quality products and respond to customer needs at a faster pace considerablyRead MoreProduction Operation Management1195 Words   |  5 PagesProduction Operations Management Session 3-2 More on Processes 1 Outline ï‚ § Multi-product, multi-flow process analysis – So far: 1 product, 1 flow – Differing process times, yield issues, machine breakdown ï‚ § Big Takeaway: – Product-mix becomes critical in multiple flows – Implications in capital investment, scaling business, and risk management ï‚ § Calculating capacity when you have – Multiple flows †¢ With the same processing time at each resource †¢ With different processingRead MoreProduction and Operation Management890 Words   |  4 Pagesif they plan long-term operations in such countries. 8. Governmental regulation. Companies also may face government barriers and heavy restrictions and regulation if they intend to expand into other countries. Therefore, companies must examine governmental—as well as cultural—obstacles in other countries when developing location strategies. 9. Environmental regulation. Companies should consider the various  environmental regulations  that might affect their operations in different locationsRead MoreProduction and Operation Management657 Words   |  3 Pageswell within the control limits, although sample 24 is close to the XÌ… lower control limit and samples 17 through 22 are above the target. 3. Twelve additional samples of curetimes data from the molding process were collected from an actual production run. The data from these new samples are shown before. Update your control charts and compare the results with the previous data. The XÌ…- and R-chart are drawn with the new data using the same control limits established before. Comment on what the

Unemployment Inflation And Gdp In The Us Economics Essay Free Essays

Three cardinal elements qualify the growing of an economic system. They include rate of unemployment, rising prices and assorted figures that define the Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) . A reappraisal of these issues is indispensable in order to give the reader some good apprehension of economic growing. We will write a custom essay sample on Unemployment Inflation And Gdp In The Us Economics Essay or any similar topic only for you Order Now Harmonizing to the Bureau of Statistics, unemployment rate in the United States seems to lifting somewhat than expected. The agency maintains that 8.8 % of grownup work forces and 7.9 % of their female opposite numbers autumn under the unemployed class. In add-on, the rate of rising prices as indicated by latest study from the agency seems to on the rise. This has resulted in the overall addition of consumer monetary value index by up to 1.6 % before any signifier of seasonal accommodation. Finally figures from the Bureau of economic analysis indicate that the GDP for the 4th one-fourth of 2010 rose by 3.2 % . This is largely attributed to high demand of labour and additions in belongings monetary values. This information is indispensable for family, investors and policy shapers towards the growing and development of the economic system. Families Inflation is the most pertinent issue that affects many families in the United States. Phil ‘s Stock World ( 2011 ) on his remark in the double authorization morass asserts that, harmonizing to informations from assorted transcripts, the Federal Reserve is still unconcerned about rising prices, in malice of important grounds to the contrary. In fact, the Fed is so unconcerned about rising prices that, it needed to advert â€Å" rising prices † 49 times in its study. Phil et Al ( 2011 ) goes on to add that, due to the merely passed planetary economical crisis, families should non anticipate a speedy reprieve. In fact the Fed expects the idle rate to stay â€Å" elevated † at the terminal of 2012 ; even though it claimed a lifting existent GDP might easy cut down unemployment. A study conducted on 60000 families indicates that rising prices does non offer any signifier of alteration aimed at change by reversaling the downward tendency in unemployment degrees. Morgan Stanley is of the position that although employment was reported to hold fallen by 622000, this information is still nonmeaningful. No uncertainty, monetary values of natural stuffs have risen. There are some basic grounds for this upward tendency. The planetary growing phenomenon is partially to fault. Increased demand from China, India, and Africa among others will set upward force per unit area on trade good monetary values. It is overriding to observe that trade good monetary values are besides a map of involvement rates. Low involvement rates cause a comparative addition in the value of low ended merchandises ( due to take down discounting ) , making less incentive for extraction, and cut downing the cost of keeping stock lists ( Phil et al 2011 ) . Investors Inflation influences investor ‘s determinations in more luxuriant ways as compared to families. With an addition in inflationary force per unit area, involvement rates will be high and hence decrease in investing. Phil et Al ( 2011 ) notes that, sing the relentless travel up in stocks, â€Å" Our market marks, breakout two degrees, and major jailbreak degrees are supplying more bullish fuel to our market thesis. † He further points out that, the U.S. bond markets were responding to inflationary concerns, ensuing in Treasury- bond outputs lifting and bond monetary values falling. Phil et al farther argues that, â€Å" It all comes back to rising prices. The Fed merely does n’t believe it exists or, if it does, believes it wo n’t last. It ca n’t reallyA lose. The Fed can merely be incorrect this meeting and so make nil and delay until following meeting and so ‘reevaluate. ‘ Morgan et al 2011, in contrast argues that harmonizing to the FOMC proceedingss, â€Å" many participants expect that, with important slack in resource markets and longer-term rising prices outlooks stable, steps of nucleus rising prices would stay near to current degrees in coming quarters † . This means that rising prices is likely to impact investors ‘ determinations particularly in relation to short term investings. Policy Makers The policy shapers play a major function in the running of the economic system. Morgan et Al reiterates that with the strong economic recoil, policy-makers are now following a somewhat anti-cyclical stance. The primary balance ( runing gross less entire outgo ) is expected to travel from a shortage of 0.3 % of GDP in F2010 to a excess of 0.3 % in F2011. Meanwhile, the overall budget balance ( which takes into history particular transportations, top-ups and net investing returns part ) is expected to travel from a shortage of 0.1 % of GDP in F2010 to a excess of 0.03 % in 2011. Specifically, the swing from a little shortage place to a more or less balanced budget is chiefly due to the addition in particular transportations being offset by cutbacks in development outgo. In add-on to that in order to hike g.d.p the Fed has a figure of tools ( such as contrary rest and clip sedimentations for depositary establishments ) to take militias from the banking system when appropriate. However, a crisp tightening in pecuniary policy is improbable. The Fed will finally hold to take the pes off the gas pedal ( non needfully â€Å" hitting the brakes † ) as a â€Å" standardization † of pecuniary policy. Removing the conditional committedness to maintain short-run involvement rates near nothing for â€Å" an drawn-out period † will depend on a alteration in the Fed ‘s declared conditions: low rates of resource use ( equivalently, an elevated unemployment rate ) ; a low implicit in tendency in rising prices ; and well-anchored rising prices outlooks ( Morgan et al 2011 ) . How to cite Unemployment Inflation And Gdp In The Us Economics Essay, Essay examples

Assignment Exploring the Issues Related to the Management free essay sample

Assignment exploring the issues related to the management of change within clinical practice In this essay I aim firstly to attempt to identify a change in practise I would wish to make and secondly, link this to the theory of change management and leadership management. The vision I would like to implement would be for the Worcester Royal Hospital psychiatric wards to have access to on site gym facilities, and for the psychiatrists to prescribe exercise to all inpatients. Currently exercise is not used widely as an intervention in psychiatric nursing. The Labour government acknowledged that the physical health needs of people with mental health problems had been neglected and that this group need support to access appropriate healthcare and health promotion services (Department of Health, 2009). Over the last ten years there has been progress made regarding the use of exercise in mental health services. In 2004 a research team asked GPs if they would consider prescribing exercise instead of antidepressants for low mood. Only 5% said they would. In a recent follow-up survey in June 2011, the proportion of those willing to prescribe it had risen to 22 %, reflecting a clear shift in attitudes and beliefs (Baker 2001) . However, I personally do not feel this is a large enough rise. From my experience in working in psychiatric wards at this hospital I have observed that exercise is much underused. For example there are no gym facilities and no exercise groups at all. I propose that all psychiatric inpatients should have access to and encouragement to attend physical exercise facilities. This is despite a large body of evidenced based research that has proven exercise can be an intervention to prevent and alleviate mental illnesses. For example, one study of the effects of physical exercise on depression concluded that after sixteen weeks exercise was just as effective as SSRI’s but without any of the side effects. Physical exercise also had the benefit of improving physical health and improving self-esteem through socialising (Craft et al 1997). In order to do this I will need to use change management theory and leadership theory. Change management  is a structured approach to shifting or transitioning  individuals,  teams, and  organizations  from a current state to a desired future state. It is an organizational process aimed at helping employees to accept and embrace changes in their current business environment In order to implement my change there would be a number of things I would need to consider. Firstly, I would need to consider how my change will be implemented. Ackerman (1997) has distinguished between three types of change: developmental, transitional and transformational. I would need to decide which strategy of change would best suit my vision. I feel it would be best to attempt to carry out a planned transitional change. This is an implementation of a known new state; involving the management of the interim transition state over a controlled period of time. My interim transition stage would be the process of building gym and exercise facilities while training staff capable to work in both psychiatric and exercise fields. This stage would also involve negotiating and finding a way around the administrative, health and safety and policy barriers which I estimate would be the biggest difficulty. My known new state would be encouraging psychiatrists to prescribe exercise and encouraging the service users to make use of the exercise facilities during their time as inpatients. I would define my change as episodic rather than continuous. Episodic can be defined as ‘infrequent, discontinuous and intentional’ (Weick and Quinn 1999). Sometimes termed ‘radical’ or ‘second order’ change, episodic change often involves replacement of one strategy or programme with another. However, once my intervention of exercise has been established I plan to make continuous change to it so as to make incremental improvements to ensure it is as an effective intervention as possible. Another, reason why I plan to use Ackmann’s transitional strategy as a basis for my change is because it has its foundations in the work of Lewin who conceptualised change as a three-stage process which I will explore later (Lewin 1951). When planning a change in the NHS such as this it is necessary to look at change theory models. These will be very relevant when implementing my change. The majority of contemporary research originates from the work of social psychologist Kurt Lewin in the mid-twentieth century. Lewin identifies three stages through which change must proceed before any planned change will become embedded in an organisation or system of working. These are unfreezing, movement and refreezing. I will base my change upon this model. Unfreezing is when I as a change agent proposes a plan for change to the team or organisation. During this stage I will attempt to win over team members who are not keen on my change, I will aim to resolve any anxieties or concerns regarding the change. Cummings and McLennan (2005) claim that an essential leadership role is to understand the different perspectives of individuals and stakeholders and to ‘align the changes to be meaningful for them’. During this stage I will attempt to access the relative merits of the forces for against change such as extent of the proposed change, nature and depth of motivation of stakeholders, and the environment in which change will occur. It is necessary for the driving forces for change to exceed the opposing forces for change, this is essential for change to be successful. As part of this stage it is considered necessary to conduct a force field analysis which I include in my appendices. In summary, I had several large forces for change. One being that exercise in alleviating the symptoms of mental health is supported by a large amount of evidence based research. Another large force for change is that people in mental health services suffer far worse physical health problems than members of the general population. I believe that my planned change or intervention will improve the physical health of this group. In my opinion the biggest force for change is that in times where health care cost demands are outpacing any rise in healthcare budgets, exercise is an intervention that can reduce the demands on the budget. After researching the topic I have concluded that the biggest force against this change would be the set up costs in terms of building facilities and training staff. Provision of physical activity also requires trained and qualified personnel; there is no data on availability, skills and training of staff with competence as exercise specialists and the expertise to treat people with a multitude of mental and physical problems as well as the skills to work in psychiatric settings. (Jones et al 2004). Another force against change would be navigating around administrative and policy rules. In the present culture of our society, procedures including health and safety, liability, manual handling and risk assessments may not allow ‘hospitals’ and ‘on site exercise facilities’ to be compatible. However, despite these concerns I believe I would be able to build up a good degree of teamwork within my team as I believe those I would be leading would be enthusiastic and motivated to make this change a reality. I will also conduct a SWOT analysis as part of this stage. This involves thinking about an organisation’s strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, and using the result to identify priorities for action (Ansoff, 1965). SWOT analysis is a ubiquitous feature of business strategy texts and courses. In a survey of 113 UK companies, Glaister and Falshaw (1999) found that SWOT was one of the most widely used strategic planning tools in current use across a range of sectors. The basic theory of using a SWOT analysis is because it helps an organisation to think about the reasons why they may need a change. I have included a SWOT analysis in my appendices. As part of this initial ‘unfreezing’ stage I will need to be able to gain support of the workforce to make my change successfully, I will need to gain and maintain this support through a mixture of good communication, good interpersonal skills and developing a sense of achievement. Scholtes, (1998) in his trust, respect and affection model identifies trust as arising out of the feeling that leaders or managers both care for their staff and are capable of doing the job. At this unfreezing stage it will my job as leader to help those team members who are not keen on the change to resolve their anxieties or concerns so that they become committed team members. Senge in ‘The Fifth Discipline’ (1990) talks of the difference between commitment, enrolment and compliance, suggesting that while it is more pleasant (and reassuring) to have considerable commitment, it is not necessary for everyone to be as fully signed-up as this. There exist a number of positions along a continuum, along which players may position themselves in response to proposed action and change. These are, in reducing order; commitment, enrolment, genuine compliance, formal compliance, grudging compliance, non-compliance and apathy. Senge suggests analysing what level of support is required from each of the players and directing energy to achieve that, rather than at trying to persuade everybody to ‘commit’ The second stage is movement; this is movement towards accepting the change. At this point I will need to formulate a plan of action and implementation. I would use a Gantt chart to effectively communicate my change management plan. A  Gantt chart  is a type of  bar chart  that illustrates a  project schedule. Gantt charts illustrate the start and finish dates of the terminal elements and summary elements of a  project (Gantt 1910). Terminal elements and summary elements comprise the  work breakdown structure  of the project. I would also set up a small project or reference group to help manage the project with me. I will aim to include everybody whom would be affected by the change in the planning. I will set goals and objectives and set target dates and timelines. I will also be available to support others and offer encouragement throughout the change process. I believe that the multidisciplinary team work and layers of management, already established in the NHS will be an important lever to help implement and embed the change. Throughout this process, I will be constantly evaluating the changes and making modifications if necessary. The third and final stage is refreezing. This stage involves supporting others so that the change is sustainable and remains in place to achieve improved outcomes. My role as leader will be to help the continued integration of the change into practice to ensure refreezing-that is, the change becoming part of normal practice; if this does not occur the previous behaviours will occur. There are a wide range of different theories of motivation in business management. These are of importance because the style of management theory adopted could potentially make the process of change a smoother transition. The core models are McGregor’s Theory X and Theory Y model, Maslow’s hierarchy of needs model, Herzberg’s Motivation – Hygiene theory, Taylor’s scientific model and Mayo’s Human Relation model (Maslow 1970): (Herzberg 1966); (Taylor 1911); (Mayo 1933). Attempting change management under one of the more autocratic management models such as Taylor’s or McGregor’s Theory X model would have very different consequences when compared to Mayo’s or McGregor’s Theory Y model. Under Taylor’s model the workforce may resist change. This is because in such a work environment theory managers will make all of the decisions and simply give orders to the employees below them. In this working environment change would not be a smooth transition as there would be a barrier between management and workers, change occurs smoothly when the workforce work together to lead change. These models would not create motivation amongst the workforce. Alternatively, change may be more successful in an organisation culture based upon Maslow’s hierarchy of needs (Maslow 1970). Maslow put forward a theory that there are five levels of human needs which employees need to have fulfilled at work. All of the needs are structured into a hierarchy, and only once a lower level of need has been fully met, would a worker be motivated by the opportunity of having the next need up in the hierarchy satisfied. A business should therefore offer different incentives to workers in order to help them fulfill each need in turn and progress up the hierarchy. Therefore to implement my change and to e successful at doing so this model suggests I should delegate responsibility to employees to ensure they achieve self actualisation in the workplace. This could potentially ensure a smooth transition of change. However, there are problems with looking at management models when implementing changes. Every workplace, particularly the NHS is very complex and has a range of different management styles within each workforce. To state that management should use Maslow’s hierarchy of change to ensure a smooth transition of change is too simplistic. Although in theory it appears to be a solution, in reality there are lots of faults of this model in the workplace place. The theory makes crude assumptions that simply don’t apply to everyone. Most importantly Maslow states people attend to basic needs first and progressively deal with more complex matters until they reach  a point he calls self-actualisation at the top of the  hierarchy’s  pyramid. However in reality not everybody gets that far. This criticism is especially relevant in the practice I wish to change. In the NHS it is widespread knowledge that there are a large number of managerial positions, but to implement my change once exercise facilities are available I would need the support of the nurses and support staff to actualise my change. My point being that not everybody involved in my change would be able to reach self actualisation in their particular job or role. Another criticism of Maslow’s theory which equally applies to all of the theories is that Maslow’s idea belongs to a time and place. Maslow was American and he first suggested the  hierarchy  in the 1940s. It’s highly specific to America’s individualist culture where middle-class people worry about their personal needs rather than any collective needs. This may not be so relevant in a less right ring country with public health care and with a workforce with such diverse ethnicities and cultural heritage as is in the United Kingdom. However, despite the criticisms that are directed at theories of motivation it will be important for me as a leader to have the knowledge regarding how to motivate my workforce. When thinking about how I as a manager would go about implementing this change I feel it is important to consider what type of leader I would be. Leadership will be very important if I am to be able to work with conflicting views to build up trust in the change proposal’s worth and the value of putting effort into my proposed change. House (2004) describes leadership as the ability to motivate and enable other people to achieve the goals of the organisation they work for. There are many different theories of leadership styles, the two main ones being transactional and transformational leadership. Transactional leadership is leadership at its most basic. The followers do what the leader asks of them in return for a reward. The role of the leader in this model is to state what needs to be done and who will do it and then allow them to get the job done, hence it focuses on getting a task done rather than on the person undertaking a task. In nursing this approach was traditionally used in previous years when task allocation was the role of the ward manager when patient care was perhaps less holistic than it is today. When implementing my change I aim to be a transformational leader. This will involve being able to share and communicate my vision of change effectively to others. Transformational leadership theory suggests there needs to be a relationship of trust between the leader and the follower. Bass (1985) suggested four essential components of effective transformational leadership. First, leaders must provide intellectual stimulation, challenging the way things are and encouraging creativity among the team. Second, they must demonstrate individualised consideration and by using good communication skills make followers feel able to share ideas and gain direct recognition for their unique contributions. Third, they need to demonstrate inspirational motivation which enables followers to experience the same passion and motivation as the leader to meet the team goals. Fourth, they need to have idealised influence; that is, they must act as a role model who followers wish to emulate whole taking on the values of the leader. As a leader I will also need to possess emotional intelligence. This refers to the ability of the leader or manager to understand the role that their emotions play in their decision making and the ability to recognise the emotions of the individuals within the team and how this affects the work they do (Goleman, 1996). Goleman’s emotional intelligence framework comprises five elements: self-awareness, motivation, self-regulation, empathy and social skills. Possessing emotional intelligence will be important if I am to be able to work with conflicting views to build up trust in my change proposal’s worth and the value of putting effort into my proposed change. As a leader I will also need to be assertive. This is as opposed to being submissive or aggressive. Assertiveness can be defined as ‘expressing opinions or desires strongly and with confidence so that people take notice’. (Oxford Advanced Learners Dictionary). Ruiz, M. (2004) The Voice of Knowledge argued that there were four factors involved in being assertive. These were to be impeccable with your word, not to take anything personally, not to make assumptions and for a person always to do their best. In conclusion in order to make my change successful there are many things I will need to do. Firstly, I will need to use theories of motivation to ensure I am able to motivate my workforce so that teamwork will be successful. I will then need to use Levin’s change theory model to ensure that I can gain support from my colleagues and to accurately plan my change. During my freezing, movement and refreezing stages there are lots of qualities I will need to display as a leader. I have identified I would consider it must appropriate to be a transformational leader as identified by Bass (1985). As a leader it would also be vital for me to display emotional intelligence and to be assertive. What I have learned from this module is that the business management theory behind making and implementing a change can be as important as the actual subject of change itself.